\u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n 1: <\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/thuonglibrary.com\/nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc\/cach-doc-mot-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc-theo-phong-cach-sinh-vien\/ <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n 2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/thuonglibrary.com\/nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc\/cach-doc-mot-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc-theo-phong-cach-sinh-vien-phan-2\/ <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Library s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i HR d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5i m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u2013 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi g\u1eb7p ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u1edf cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng (RCT) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n suy tim. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 105 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 106 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 RCT t\u1ea1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/thuonglibrary.com\/nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc\/cach-doc-mot-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc-theo-phong-cach-sinh-vien-phan-2<\/a>\/ <\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau \u201c Sau 1500 ng\u00e0y theo d\u00f5i, t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro cho t\u1eed vong \u1edf trong nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 0,38 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady 95% (CI), 0.28 \u0111\u1ebfn 0.53; p<0.0001)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u1ebft c\u1ee5c\/K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\/bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i (th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb\/ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1eed vong\/t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi\/xu\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7n\/ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, HR l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 2 Hazard<\/p>\n\n\n\n HR = Nguy c\u01a1 \u1edf trong nh\u00f3m can thi\u1ec7p : Nguy c\u01a1 \u1edf trong nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hazard \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u1eed vong \u2013 t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t) t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 <\/em><\/strong>sau khi can thi\u1ec7p, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 n\u00e0o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1edfi v\u00ec Hazard Ratio l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1, do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 HR c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau (c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 0.5;1;2 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau)<\/p>\n\n\n\n HR = 0.5: \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o, nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 x\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p 2 l\u1ea7n (50%) so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n HR= 1, \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 g\u1eb7p bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau \u1edf 2 nh\u00f3m<\/p>\n\n\n\n HR=2, \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o, nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ed c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 x\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 cao g\u1ea5p 2 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eed vong v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi = 0,38 (KTC 95%, 0,28-0,53; P <0,0001). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eed vong th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 62% so v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng 95% r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 47% -72%. <\/strong>(t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn 95% r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eed vong th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u1eeb 47% \u0111\u1ebfn 72% so v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng). <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong Kaplan-Meier (ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong sinh t\u1ed3n)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong Kaplan-Meier:<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1eddi gian d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0m b\u01b0\u1edbc (a step function)<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, hazard l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 (slope) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hazard ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n1.<\/sup> Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean, \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 0.38 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng. V\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y, con s\u1ed1 0.38 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 (ho\u1eb7c nguy c\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sao. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng HR kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 RR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 (RR) kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian<\/em> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n <\/strong>m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/em> <\/strong>(ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hay kh\u00f4ng: t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro (HR) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng<\/em> s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <<\/strong> https:\/\/s4be.cochrane.org\/blog\/2016\/04\/05\/tutorial-hazard-ratios<\/a> \/><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nHazard Ratio (HR) \u2013 T\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thuonglibrary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Hinh-1.png?resize=624%2C608&ssl=1\")
( \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u xanh d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nC\u00e2u 1: Harzard Ratio (T\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 (Hazard Ratio)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e2u 2: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thuonglibrary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Hinh-2.jpg?resize=732%2C744&ssl=1\")
C\u00e2u 3: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y t\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1ec9?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thuonglibrary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/pexels-pixabay-267582.jpg?resize=840%2C560&ssl=1\")
T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro ( Hazard Ratios) so v\u1edbi T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 (Risk ratio)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
References & Further Reading<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n